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1 ἀλώπηξ
ἀλώπηξ, - εκοςGrammatical information: f. (on the gender DELG).Meaning: `fox' (Archil.).Other forms: A shortened form is ἀλωπά (Alc.), ἀλωπός (Hdn.); on its origin Sommer Nominalkomp. 5 A. 5. Denom. ἀλωπεύει ἀνιχνεύει H., cf. NGr. (Crete) λαγονεύω `trace' from λαγώς, Kukules Άρχ. Έφ. 27, 70f.Derivatives: ἀλωπεκέη, -ῆ `fox-skin' (Hdt.); ἀλωπεκία a disease of the skin (Arist.); ἀλωπεκίς f. = κυναλώπηξ (X.), also `head-gear from fox-skin' (X.) and `kind of vine' (Plin.), s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 139Etymology: ἀλώπηξ can agree with Arm. aɫuēs, gen. - esu `fox'. Cf. further Lith. lãpė and Latv. lapsa. Schrijver, JIES 26, 1998, 421-434 connects the Celtic words W. llywarn etc., which he derives from * lop-erno-, and reconstructs * h₂lop-. The Greek long ō is explained from an old nom. * h₂lōp-s. (Skt. lopāśá- `jackal' and MP rōpās `fox' have an orig. diphthong in the root and cannot be connected. Lat. volpes `fox', Lith. vilpišỹs `wild cat' should also be kept apart; Schrijver starts from a root * ulp-). - The inflection ἀλώπηξ, - εκος is unique in Greek. There is no support for Rix's - ōk-s, - ek-os (1976,, 143). In the Armenian form, the ē presents difficulties and is prob. secondary, the word rather showing old short e; Clackson 1994, 95. De Vaan, IIJ 43, 2000, 279-293, disconnects the suffix from the Indo-Ir. one (as above the words were disconnected) and doubts that Skt. -āśa- etc. is of IE origin. He follows Chantr. Form. 376, in assuming that the Greek (and Armenian) suffix - ek- was taken from a non-IE language; Greek would have lengthened the vowel in the nominative. But this does not explain the Greek ablaut: one would expect that the long vowel was introduced everywhere. Rather the suffixes are IE, and the long vowel of Saskrit and the short of Armenian confirm the Greek ablaut as archaic. - See also Blažek, Linguistica Baltica 7, 1998, 25-31. Cf. Nehring Glotta 14, 184, Lidén KZ 56, 212ff., Fraenkel KZ 63, 189f., Hermann KZ 69, 66.Page in Frisk: 1,83Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλώπηξ
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2 ἕλμις
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: (Arist.), gen. ἕλμινθος (with new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος etc.; also acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom. pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.). Difficult λίμινθες ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι H.Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον `herb used against worms' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: If the dental- and velar enlargements are removed (Schwyzer 510 and 498, Chantr. Form. 366 and 400) we get a word, that agrees in its ending with two other names for `worm'. (One is found in Indo-Iranian (e. g. Skt. kŕ̥mi-), in Albanian ( krimp), Baltic (e. g. Lith. kirmìs), Slavic (e. g. OCS črъmьnъ `red' \< * črъmь, slov. čr̂m `fingerworm, carbuncle'), Celtic (e. g. OIr. cruim). The other is limited to Latin ( vermis) and Germanic (e. g. Goth. waurms), but has relatives in Balto-Slavic (e. g. OPr. vormyan `red', ORuss. vermie `ἀκρίδες') and Greek (Boeot. PN Ϝάρμιχος; cf. also, with different formation, ῥόμος σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις H.). Of these IE *kʷr̥mi- seems to be the oldest, both for its wide distribution, especially in frontier areas, as because it is etymologically isolated (cf. Porzig Gliederung 208f.). The riming *u̯r̥mi- may have been adapted to the verb *u̯er- `turn, bend' (cf. ῥόμος and ῥατάναν). A further innovation would be found in Greek because it connected the verb u̯el- `turn, wind' (s. 2. εἰλέω), which gave two further forms for `worm', εὑλή and Ϝάλη (written ὑάλη). (From Tocharian A one adds walyi pl. `worms'.) - The last mentioned (three) forms (with -l-) are clearly unrelated. The IE forms have -r-, but our word has -l- (so the word is not IE, as Furnée 290 holds). Though DELG does not think it necessary to take the - νθ- as a sign of Pre-Greek, I don't see why. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG IV 12, 122,10 Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also rather suggests a Pre-Greek variant. Was it *lymi(n)t-? (with proothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal l?). Note that the NGr. forms λεβίθα, - ίδες confirm the vowel right of the l (see DELG).Page in Frisk: 1,501Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλμις
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3 ὄχος
Grammatical information: m. (Pi. O. 6, 24 [ ὄκχος, s.u.], Hdt., A. usw.),Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1118] *u̯eǵʰ- `move, drive'Etymology: Old verbal noun to Ϝέχω `carry somewhere' (s. 2. ἔχω), ὀχέομαι `drive', so for *Ϝόχος (on the loss of the Ϝ- in Hom. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 125) and identical wit Slav., e.g. OCS vozъ m. `wagon', IE *u̯óǵho-s. The in an σ-stem epected ε-vowel is preserved in ἔχεσφι ἅρμασιν H.; ὄχεα after ὄχος, ὀχέομαι (cf. on ὄρος). With *Ϝέχος (and [F] όχεα) agrees (except for the vowel length) Skt. vā́has- n. `vessel' (metaph. for the song of praise); beside vāhá- m. `draught-animal', also `vessel', Av. vāza- m. `draught-animal' (: ὄχο-ς). A n-derivation with the same meaning was formed in the West, Celt., e.g. OIr. fēn `kind of wagon' (IE *u̯egh-no-), Germ. e.g. OHG wagan ' Wagen' (IE *u̯oǵh-no-). Diff. again Lat. vehi-culum n. `vessel', Skt. vahi-tra- n. `ship' with tlo-suffix; thus ὄχε-τλα ὀχήματα H., which may have dissimilated - θλα (Schwyzer 533). The geminate in ὄκχος, ὀκχέω (Pi.) is unexplained; hypotheses in Schwyzer 717 n. 4 and Meillet BSL 26, 15 f. -- Further forms w. rich lit. WP. 1, 249f., Pok. 1118ff., W.-Hofmann s. vehō, Fraenkel s. vèžti; see also Porzig Gliederung 120, 158 a. 170 (cf. the critical remarks by Humbach Gnomon 30, 622). -- Cf. ὀχέω, ὄχλος, γαιάοχος.Page in Frisk: 2,457-458Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄχος
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4 πνί̄γω
πνί̄γωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to limit one's breath, to asphyxiate by squeezing, water or vapour, to choke, to drown, to be drowned', also `to muffle, to smother' (Epich., Sophr., IA.); on the meaning `to drown, to be drowned' Schulze BerlAkSb. 1918, 320ff. = Kl. Schr. 148 ff.Other forms: Aor. πνῖξαι, intr. a. pass. πνῐγ-ῆναι w. fut. - ήσομαι, late πνιχθῆναι, perf. midd. πέπνιγμαι.Derivatives: Several nom. actionis: 1. πνῖγος n. `smothery heat' (IA.; opposite ῥῖγος); 2. πνῖγ-μα n. `suffocating' (Hp.), - μός m. `id.' (Hp., X., Arist.) with - μώδης `suffocating' (Hp.), - μονή f. `id.' (Hdn. Epim.: cf. φλεγμονή, πημονή); 3. πνῖξις ( κατά- πνί̄γω) f. `choking, asphyxiation' (Arist., Thphr.), `drowning' ( PMag. Par.); 4. πνίξ, - γός f. `choking, asphyxiation' (Hp., Dsc.; like φρίξ a.o.; Chantraine Form. 2 f.); 5. πνιγετός m. = πνῖγος (Ptol.; H. s. ἀγχόνη); as πυρ-, παγ-ετός; 6. περιπνιγ-ή f. `suffocation' (Vett. Val.). Nom. agentis: 6. πνῐγεύς m. "suffocator", `cover for extinguishing the coals' (Ar., Arist.), `air chamber' (Hero, Ph. Bel.), `muzzle' (com.), prob. analog. from πνίγω, πνῐγῆναι after τρῑ̃βω, τρῐβ-ῆναι: -ή: - εύς a.o.; vgl. Bosshardt 48; 7. πνικτήρ m. `choker, choking' (Nonn.). Further 8. πνιγ-ῖτις (sc. γῆ) `kind of clay' (Dsc., Plin.; Redard 109; prob. from πνῖγος); 9. - αλίων, - ωνος m. `nightmare, incubus' (medic.); like αἰθαλ-ίων: αἰθ-άλη: αἴθω; 10. πνῑ-γηρός `smothery', esp. `smotheryly hot' (Hp., Att.; from πνῖγος or πνίγω); 11. πνῐγόεις `id.' (Nic., AP; ῐ metr. condit.); 12. περι-, συμ-πνῐγ-ής `suffocated' (Nic., J., D.S., after πνῐγ-ῆναι); 13. πνικτός `steamed, smothered' (com.), `airtight' (Hero), `suffocated, choked' ( Act. Ap.); 14. enlarged πνιγ-ίζω `to choke, to strangle' (AP; influenced by πυγ-ίζω).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Popular expressive verb without certain connection; one has thought of a cross of several words. The anlaut reminds of πνέω, the auslaut of φρύγω, φώγω, the vowel of κνίψ a. cogn., also of MLG knīpen (s. Κνίφων), but there is no basis for a certain decision. The comparison with some Germ. words for `snuffle', e.g. OHG fnaskazzen (Fick BB 7, 95 etc.; s. Bq and WP. 2, 85), is both semantically and especially phonetically and formally (πνῑγ- from *pnezg- [with reduced vowel]??; but fnaskazzen to OWNo. fnasa) quite unsatisfactory. -- The short in πνῐγ-ῆναι etc. can be analogal. -- So no etym.; is the word Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,567-568Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πνί̄γω
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5 ὀδύνη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `pain, torment, harm, sorrow' (Il.).Other forms: mostly pl. - αι.Compounds: As 2. member, e.g. περι-ώδυνος `very sore, painful' (Hp., Att.; - ω- comp. lengthening with περιωδυν-ία f. (Hp., Pl.), - έω, also (after ὀδυνάω) - άω (medic.); rarely as 1. member as in ὀδυνή-φατος ( ὀδυνήφατα φάρμακα Ε 401 = 900, also ὀ-ον ῥίζαν Λ 847; after this Orph. L. 345, 753) `pain-killing, -stilling', poet. incidental formation after ἀρηΐ-φατος a.o., but with remarkable active meaning (cf. Chantraine Sprache 1,145; after Risch $ 73 a prop. a consonantstem).Derivatives: ὀδυν-ηρός, Dor. - ᾶρός `dolorous, sorrowful' (Pi., Att.), - ωδῶς adv. `sorrowfully' (Gal.), - αίτερος `more painful' (Hp.) as from *ὀδυναῖος after σχολαίτερος (: [ σχολαῖος:] σχολή) a.o. (Schwyzer 534); ὀδυνάω, - άομαι, rarely with ἐξ-, κατ-, `to hurt, to grieve; to be hurt, to suffer pain' (IA.) with ὀδυνήματα pl. `pains' (Hp.).Etymology: Beside IA. ὀδύνη (orig. pl. tant. ?; Witte Glotta 2, 18f.) stands Aeol. (Greg. Cor. 597) ἐδύνας (acc. pl.); the vowel change can go back on old ablaut or on vowel-assimilation (ε \> ο before υ; cf. Schwyzer 255). Both forms are ᾱ-enlargements of a verbal noun in -u̯en-: - un- from ἐδ- `eat' ( curae edaces Hor., Lith. ėdžiótis `trouble oneself' beside ēdžióti `devour, bite', to ė́sti `eat'; on it Fraenkel Wb. s. v.), to which the ablauting -u̯er-: -u̯r̥-: - ur- in εἶδαρ \> *ἔδ-Ϝαρ `eating, food' (s. on ἔδω, with Skt. cognates) and ὀδύρομαι (s. v.). A further representative of this noun is Arm. erkn, gen. erkan `birth-pain, heavy pain' from *ed-u̯ōn or *ed-u̯ēn, s. Frisk Etyma Armen. 11 ff. w. details. -- Not wit L. Meyer 1, 523 f. and Prellwitz to δύη. However the initial was h₃-, as in ὀδών (s.v.); cf. Beekes in Kortlandt, Armeniaca Cf. ὠδίς.Page in Frisk: 2,350-351Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀδύνη
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6 ὄτλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `burden, load, suffering' (A. Th. 18, S. Tr. 7 sch.)Derivatives: ὀτλ-έω (Call., A. R., Lyc.), - εύω (A. R., Babr.) `to bear, to undergo', - ημα n. `distress' (H., Theognost.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Verbal noun to τλῆ-ναι `bear, suffer' with init. ὀ-, prob. rhythm. conditioned vowel-prothesis rather than (with Kretschmer KZ 36, 268) prefix; cf. Schwyzer 412 w. lit. The vowel-prohesis cannot be explained, so the explanation is wrong. The word will be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,440Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄτλος
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7 ἀ- (2)
ἀ-Meaning: (none)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: In Pre-Greek words a `prothetic vowel' occurs, e.g. ἄσταχυς \/ στάχυς. It is no doubt a phonetic process. It is rather frequent, Fur. 368-378. The vowel was ἀ-, with a very few exceptions (Beekes, Pre-Greek.).Page in Frisk: --Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀ- (2)
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8 κάπρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `boar, (wild)boar', also adjunct of σῦς (Il.); as fish-name = `Capros aper' (Arist.; after the sound, Thompson Fishes s. v., Strömberg Fischnamen 101).Derivatives: Diminut. καπρίδιον, - ίσκος (Com.); f. κάπραινα of a lewd woman (Com.); καπρία f. `the ovary, the rutting sap of the sow' (Arist.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 43); καπρών `pig-sty' (Delos IIIa); ( σῦς) κάπριος = ( σῦς) κάπρος (Il., A. R.); κάπριος `with the form of a boar' (Hdt. 3, 59), κάπρειος `belonging to a boar' (Nonn.). Denomin. verbs: καπράω `go to the boar', of a rutting sow (Arist.), also καπριάω (Arist. v. l., Ar. Byz.), on the formation Schwyzer 731f.; καπρίζω `id.' (Arist.); καπρῴζομαι `rut' of the boar (Skiras Com.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Agrees with the Italo-Germanic word for `(he-)goat', Lat. caper, Umbr. cabru `caprum', Germ., e. g. ONo. hafr. An uncertain trace of the word in Celtic is supposed in Gallo-Rom. * cabrostos `honeysuckle, privet'. The newly formed τράγος has made the old name of the goat, IE. *kápros, free for other services; the word was probably first used appositively to σῦς (s. above). Lat. (Ital.) aper `boar' took the vowel of caper, but is further unrelated. - Further Pok. 529, W.-Hofmann s. caper (and aper). Doubtful combinations in Wagner KZ 75, 72ff. M. Brind, Les zoonymes..., 91-115 `qui vale, happe' cognate with κάπτω, which seems to me an improbable etymology; he meaning of the root seems not to point in this direction, Pok. 527.Page in Frisk: 1,782-783Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάπρος
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9 Ώκεανός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: N. des Stroms, der die Erde wie das Meer rings einschließt, `Weltstrom, Weltmeer, Ozean' (seit Il.).Derivatives: Davon Ώκεαν-ίς f. `vom O.' (Pi. u.a.), - ίδες pl. `die Töchter des O.' (Kall.), - ίνη (-ῑ-) f. `Tochter des O.' (Hes.), - ῖτις f. `vom O.' (D.H., AP u.a.), - ῖται m. pl. `Bewohner der Ozeanküste' (St. Byz.; Redard 184), -( ε)ιος `zum O. gehörig' (Gal. u.a.), f. -ηϊάς (Nonn.), - ης m. alter N. des Nils (D. S.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As the idea of a world-river is not of IE origin, the word is a loan. The attempts to find an IE etymology, have failed: = Skt. ā-śáyāna- "the lying on", approx. = ἐπικείμενος (since Benfey; further lit. in Bq and WP. 1, 358); from IE *ōḱu̯-eianos "(le dieu fleuve) qui a la marche rapide" (to ὠκύς and Skt. áyanam `course'; Borgeaud IF 66, 49 ff.). The variants with ɣ prove that the word is Pre-Greek. As Pre-Greek did not have a phoneme \/e\/, the ε, η is due to a, ā which was influenced by the preceding palatalized k. This is confirmed by the following: as the influence of the palatal will have been strongest in the adjoining part of the vowel, and less in the further part, this resulted in a sequence [äa] which was rendered as - εα- in ᾽Ωκεανός. So the form will have been *uḱan (with ω- from u or ū); the a may have been long.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ώκεανός
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10 σπείρω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to sow, to seed', also (esp. w. prefix) `to spread, to scatter, to distribute'.Other forms: Aor. σπεῖραι, fut. σπερῶ, aor. pass. σπαρ-ῆναι, fut. - ήσομαι, perf. midd. ἔσπαρμαι (IA), act. ἔσπαρκα (late.).Derivatives: A. With full grade: 1. σπέρμα n. `seed, sowing, stem, sprout' ( ε 490); as 1. member also with transition in the o-stems, e.g. σπερμο-λόγος "picking up corn", `rook' (Ar., Arist. etc.; Schmid Phil. 95, 82), `chatterbox' (D. etc., MLat. spermologus; Silvestre Arch. Lat. Med. Aevi 30, 155 ff.). From it σπερ-μάτιον n. dimin. (Thphr. a. o.), - ματίας ( σικυός) m. `seed bearer' (Cratin.), - ματίτης, - ματῖτις `bearing, bringing forth seed' (late; Redard 102), - ματικός `to hold, to bring forth seed' (Arist. etc.), - ματώδης `seed-like' (late); - μαίνω `to sow, to bring forth' (Hes., Call., Plu. a. o.), - ματίζω `to sow, to bear seed', - ματίζομαι `to be sown, pregnant' with - ματισμός m. (LXX, Thphr.), - ματόομαι `to come to seed' (Thphr.) with - μάτωσις (Phan. Hist.). -- 2. σπέραδος n. = σπέρμα (Nic.; like χέραδος). -- B. With o-ablaut: 1. σπόρος m. `seed, sowing' (Att.) with - ιμος `fit for sowing', τὰ -α `sowing fields' (X.. Thphr., LXX a. o.; Arbenz 46 a. 48). 2. σπορά f. `sowing, seed, procreation, descent' (Trag., Pl., Thphr. a. o.) with - αῖος `sown' (Babr.); often to the prefixcompp., e.g. διασπορά f. `dispersal, exile' (LXX, Ph., Plu. a. o.). 3. From σπόρος or σπορά: ὁμό-σπορος `of the same seed, kindred' (poet. h. Cer.); σπορ-εύς ( κατα-. δια-) m. `sower, begetter' (X., pap. a.o.; Bosshardt 53). 4. σπορητός m. `sowing, seed' (A., X., Thphr.; after ἀλοητός, ἄμητος a. o.; not with Bosshardt l. c. from *σπορέω). 5. σποράς, - άδος `dispersed' (IA.), αἱ Σποράδες group of islands, with - άδην `dispersed' (Att. etc.), - αδικός `id.' (Arist.), - άσαι aor. `to disperse' (inscr.). 6. ἐπισπορ-ίη f. `after-seed, second seed' (Hes.; ἐπίσπορος A.), περισπόρ-ια n. pl. `suburbs' (LXX). -- C. With zero grade: 1. σπαρ-τός `sown' (A. a. o.); οἱ Σπαρτοί m.. pl. "the sown ones", of the dragonseed of Kadmos (Pi. a.o.); 2. σπαρνός (s. v.).Etymology: As agricultural term for sowing σπείρω belongs exclusively to Greek. In the west, including Balto-Slavic, appear for it representatives of sē-: sh₁- (Lat. sēmen etc.); s. Ernout-Meillet and W.-Hofmann s. 1. serō (cf. also above on ἵημι). Also in the supposedly older meaning `strew' the other languages provide nothing, that can be identified with σπείρω. Nearest cognate Armenian has in sp'iṙ `strews' with sp`r̄em `spread out' and in p`arat `spread out, separated' with p`aratem `spread out, remove' words which, not to speak of the "rolling" r̄ and the vowel (IE ē or i) in sp`iṙ, in anlaut (IE ( s)ph-?) differ from σπείρω. Arm. spar̄nam `threaten' (Meillet BSL 31, 52) differs semantically strongly. The last word leads to the s. σπαίρω adduced Skt. sphuráti, Lat. spernō etc. Thus we retain two IE groups sp(h)er- with the general meaning `strew, sprinkle, spatter' resp. `draw out, kick with the foot, sprawl, (Gm.) hurry', which, cannot well be distinguished and as popular-expressive expressions may have formed the starting point for σπείρω". Cf. the lit. on σπαίρω. -- Hitt. išpar-iya-zi (beside išpar-i) `he folds out, stretches out', wit σπείρω formally comparable, gives some doubts (Benveniste BSL 33, 139).Page in Frisk: 2,762-763Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπείρω
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11 κρύπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `conceal, hide'.Other forms: fut. κρύψω, aor. κρύψαι, pass. κρυφθῆναι (Il.), - φῆναι (S.), - βῆναι (LXX), fut. - βήσομαι (E., LXX), perf. midd. κέκρυμμαι (Od.), act. κέκρυφα (D. H.), iter. ipf. κρύπτασκε (Θ 272; Risch 240), - εσκε (h. Cer. 239), late pres. κρύβω, ipf. ἔκρυβον, - φον,Derivatives: 1. κρυπτός `hid, secret(ly)' (Ξ 168; Amman Μνήμης χάριν 1, 16) with κρυπτάδιος `id.' (Il., A..; after ἀμφάδιος), κρυπτικός `concealing' (Arist., Alex. Aphr.), κρυπτίνδα παίζειν `hide-and-seek' (Theognost.); κρυπτεύω `hide' (E., X.) with κρυπτεία `secret service at Sparta' (Pl., Arist.). - 2. ( ἔγ-, ἀπό-, ἐπί-)κρύψις `hiding' (E., Arist., Plb.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 149). - 3. κρυπτήρ "hider", name of an instrument (Delos IIa, Sch.), - τήριος `serving as hiding place' (Orac. ap. Paus. 8, 42, 6), κρύπτης `member of the κρυπτεία' (E. Fr. 1126[?]). - 4. κρυφῆ, Dor. - φᾶ (Pi., S., X.), κρύφᾰ (Th.) adv. `secretly'; from it κρυφάδᾱν (Corinn.), - άδις (Hdn.), - ηδόν (Od., Q. S.), - ανδόν (H.) `id.' (Schwyzer 550, 626, 631); κρυφαῖος `secret' (Pi., Trag., LXX), κρύφασος name of a throw of the dice (Poll.; Chantraine Formation 435). - 5. κατα-, ἀπο-κρυφή `hiding place' (S., LXX); κρύφιος `secretly' (Hes., Pi., Trag., Th.; κρύφιος: κρύπτω Schulze Kl. Schr. 362), κρυφία f. `hiding place' ( PFlor. 284, 8; VIp), κρύφιμος = κρύφιος (Man.; Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 19 f.), - ιμαῖος `id.' (Ephesos IVp), - ιώδης `id.' (Eust.); ἀπό-, ἐπί-, ἔγ-, ὑπό-κρυφος `concealed' (Pi., Hdt., E.; from ἀποκρύπτω etc.), κρυφός ( κρύφος) `hiding' (Emp. 27, 3; Porzig Satzinhalte 319; LXX), `secret' (coni. Pi. O. 2, 97) ; see Georgacas Glotta 36, 164 f.; ἐγκρυφίας ἄρτος `hidden under the ashes, i. e. baked bread' (Hp.), ἐγκρυφιάζω `hide' (Ar.); κρυφιαστής `interpreter of dreams' (Aq.). - 6. κρύβδᾰ = κρύφα (Σ 168, A., Pi.), κρύβδην, Dor. -δᾱν (Od.); cf. Haas Μνήμης χάριν 133f. - 7. ( ἀπο-)κρυβή `concealment' (LXX, Vett. Val.), κρυβῆ = - φῆ (LXX); κρυβηλός κρυπτὸς [ πύργος], κρύβες νεκροί, κρυβήτας τετελευτηκότας, κρυβήσια νεκύσια, κρυβάζει ἀποκρύπτει H. To κρύπτω reminds formally and semantically καλύπτω (s. v.); the verbs may have influenced one another. On the variation π: φ: β, which can also be analogical, cf. Schwyzer 333, 705 n. 2, 737.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: But for the final labial and the vowelquantity κρύπτω agrees with Slav., e.g. OCS kryjo, kryti ' κρύπτω, ἀποκρύπτω' (Persson Stud. 51 n. 1, Meillet MSL 8, 297), which is connected with Balt., e.g. Lith. kráuju, kráuti `pile up'; on the meaning Schulze KZ 50, 275 (Kl. Schr. 621 f.). Doubtful because of the vowel is the comparison with a Balt. word for `deceive, delude', Lith. króp(i)u, krópti, Latv. krapt. Further Pok. 616f., Fraenkel Wb. s. kráuti and krópti 2., Vasmer Wb. s. krytь. - As there is no good IE etym. the word may be Pre-Greek, what seems confirmed by the frequent variation of the labial.Page in Frisk: 2,29-30Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύπτω
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12 λόφος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `neck of drawing animals and men, crest of a helmet, crest of a hill' (Il.), also `crest or tuft on the head of birds, of feathers or flesh' (Simon., Hdt., Ar., Arist.).Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. γή-, γεώ-λοφος `earth-hill' (Pl., X.) with illuminating first member (Risch IF 59, 268); rarely as 1. member, e.g. (τὰ) λόφουρα `with crest-like tail', of drawing-animals and animals of burden (horses, asses, τὰ ὑποζύγια) as opposed to ruminants (Arist., Thphr., hell. inscr.). - Side-form λόφη f. `comb' (D.S.; after κόμη?).Derivatives: 1. Diminut.: λόφιον `small crest of helmet' (sch.), λοφίδιον `small hill' (Ael.). Other substant.: 2. λοφιά, Ion. - ιή f. `comb for manes, hair-, breast, back-fin etc.' (τ 446, also Hdt., Arist.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 72 f.); 3. λοφεῖον `crest-case' (Ar.), also λοφίς περικεφαλαίας θήκη H. 4. λοφίας m. `fish with back-fins', denomination of the φάγρος (Numen. ap. Ath.; like ἀκανθίας a.o., Chantraine Formation 94), also the first dorsal vertebra' (Poll.); in the last meaning also λοφαδίας (Poll.; *λοφάς, - άδιος); λοφιήτης m. `inhabitant of a hill' (AP, of Pan, after πολιήτης). 5. λόφωσις m. `crest ornament' (Ar. Av. 291; cf. ἀέτωσις [s. αἰετός]). - 6. Adjectives: λοφώδης `crest-like, hilly' (Arist.), λοφόεις `crested, hilly' (Tryph., Nonn.). - 7. Verbs: λοφάω `be crested' (Babr., Ar., H.; after κομάω, Leumann Hom. Wörter 307 n. 77); λοφίζω `have the λ. in the hight' (Zonar.); λοφόομαι `rise, form a hill' (Eust.). -- 8. Hypostasis: καταλοφάδεια adv. `hanging down from the neck' (κ 169 with metr. conditioned - εια, cf. κατωμάδιος, κατωμαδόν; Chantraine Form. 39, Gramm. hom. 1, 101 u. 176).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: As both Alc. (Z 65) and Hdt. (1, 171) consider the helmet-crest as a Carian invention, Schulze Q. 257, 4 sees in λόφος as `crest of the helmet' a Carian LW [loanword], which he, certainly wrongly, wants to separate from λόφος `neck'. - An acceptable connection gives Toch. A lap `head' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 252); CSl. ORuss. lъbъ `skull' with OCS lъbьnъ `belonging to the skull' (with Russ. lob `front', Ukr. ɫob `front, head') presents serious difficulties because of the vowel. Uncertain Illyr. PN Otto-(Atto-)lobus (Mayer Glotta 32, 83). - Lit. in Vasmer Wb. s. lob, Sadnik-Aitzetmüller Hwb. zu den aksl. Texten 264 (No. 486), v. Windekens Lex. étym. s. lap. Wrong IE etymologies are rejected by Bq.Page in Frisk: 2,139-140Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λόφος
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13 οἰδέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to swell' (ε 455).Other forms: Also οἰδάω (Plu., Luc.), οἰδαίνω (hell. poet.); οἰδάνομαι, -ω (Ι 646 a. 554, Ar., A. R.), οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (medic.) `swell' resp. `make swell', aor. οἰδῆσαι (IA.), rare οἰδῆναι (Q. S.: οἰδαίνω), perf. ὤδηκα (Hp., Theoc.);Derivatives: 1. οἶδμα n. `torrent of water' (Il.), after κῦμα (Porzig Satzinhalte 242); cf. κυέω: κῦμα, δοκέω: δόγμα (if not from a lost primary verb; cf. below); οἰδματ-όεις `flowing' (A. Fr. 69 = 103 Mette, Opp.). 2. οἶδος n. `swelling' (Hp., Nic., Aret.); cf. κρατέω: κράτος. 3. οἴδ-ημα n. `swelling' (Hp., D.) with - ημάτιον (Hp., Aët.), - ηματώδης (medic.); ( ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ- etc.) οίδησις f. `bulge' (Pl., medic., Thphr.). 4. ( ἐπ-, ὑπ-)οιδαλέος `swollen' (Archil., Hp.: οἰδαίνω like κερδαλέος: κερδαίνω). 5. οἴδᾱξ m. `unripe fig' (Poll., Choerob.; from οἶδος or οἰδέω). 6. Backformations: ὕποιδος `somewhat swollen' (Gal.: ὑπ-οιδέω), ἐνοιδής `swollen' (Nic.: ἐν-οιδέω). -- On Οἰδίπους s. v.Etymology: Of the presentforms only οἰδέω will be old. Through enlargement arose the causat. οἰδάνω with intr. οἰδάνομαι (cf. on Οἰδίπους), in the same way οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (Schwyzer 700 a. 709 f.); οἰδαίνω will be analog. after κυμαίνω, ὀργαίνω u.a., perh. also to οἰδῆσαι after κερδῆσαι: κερδαίνω a. o.; to οἰδῆσαι the late and rare οἰδάω. In οἰδέω some see an iterativ-intensive formation; but an agreeing primary verb is not attested. -- A certain cognate is Arm. ayt-nu-m `swell' with the primaryn aor. ayte-ay and the noun ayt (i-stem) `cheek', IE * oidi- (poss. * aidi-; cf. below); the nu-present is an Arm. innovation. Germ. presents some isolated nouns, a.o. OHG eiz, NHG dial. Eis `abscess, ulcer', PGm. * aita-z, IE * oido-s (* aido-s?; cf. formally close οἶδος n.); with r-suffix e.g. OHG eittar n. ' Eitar', PGm. * aitra- n. (cf. on Οἰδίπους), also in waternames, e.g. Eiter-bach (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7, 105 ff.). Isolated also Lat. aemidus (prob. after the synon. tumi-dus), in the vowel deviating from οἰδέω (ablaut oi: ai?, which could be * h₂ei-\/ h₂oi-); the non-Greek. forms can further continue both IE oi and ai. -- The Slav. forms adduced are polyinterpretable: OCS jadъ `poison'; even more doubtful Russ. etc. jadró, PSl. *jędro `kernel, testicle etc.' (with nasal infix?). Also other nasalised forms wit zero grade have been connected, e.g. Skt. índu- m. `drop', Balt. rivernames like Indus, Indura; all of it rather doubtful and for Greek unimportant. Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 166f., Pok. 774, W.-Hofmann s. aemidus, Vasmer s. jád and jadró, also Mayrhofer s. índuḥ and Indraḥ.Page in Frisk: 2,357-358Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἰδέω
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14 Εὔρῑπος
ΕὔρῑποςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `straits, narrows' (X., Arist.); esp. the straits between Euboea and Boeotia (h. Ap. 222, Hdt.); later also`canal' in gen. (D. H.); `ventilator, fan' (Gal. 10, 649).Dialectal forms: Myc. Place name EwiripoDerivatives: εὑριπώδης `like straits or the Euripos' etc. (Arist.); εὑριπίδης name of a wind, blowing from the Euripos (E. Maaß KZ 41, 204 acc. to H. s. ++ ἄντος); also PN; εὑριπική ( σχοῖνος Dsc., Plin.); Εὑρίπιος Ποσειδῶν H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Prop. `with strong current', from εὖ and ῥιπή (Fick BB 22, 11). So originally the name of the straits between Euboea and Boeotia, which is well known for its stong water- and wind-currents; from there referred to other narrows, and finally used as appellative; cf. the parallel development of δέλτα. Not with Pedersen Studi baltici 4, 152 and Hofmann Et. Wb. d. Gr. to Lith. siaũras `narrow(s)' and the IE word for `water', *ā̆p-, i.e. * seuri-h₂p-o-, with * seuro- `mall'; s. Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 237. Older interpretations in Bq. Forssmann, MSS 49 (1988) 5-12 assumed * h₁uru-h₂p-o- `with broad water(s)'. In both cases the meaning does not fit (note that * h₂ep- is rather a river, or the vowel is wrong. This makes the possibility greater that the word is Pre-Greek (the long -i- in this position is typical for Pre-Greek forms, cf. Beekes. Pre-Greek s.v. -ῑβ-, -ῑγ-, ῑδ-, -ῑθ-, -ῑν-). Thus Sommer IF 55, 185 n. 1 (like Εὑρώπη, Εὑρώτας). - In the meaning of `ventilator, fan' in Gal. εὔριπος is prob. a homonym (to ῥιπή as `blow').Page in Frisk: 1,590-591Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Εὔρῑπος
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15 ἐπάγω
ἐπάγω [ᾰ],A bring on,οἷον ἐπ' ἦμαρ ἄγῃσι πατήρ Od.18.137
;ἐ. πῆμά τινι Hes.Op. 242
; ; ἐλεύθερον ἦμαρ Bacisap.Hdt.8.77;ἄτην ἐπ' ἄτῃ A.Ch. 404
(lyr.), cf. S.Aj. 1189 (lyr.);κινδύνους τινί Is.8.3
;πόλεμον ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας Aeschin.3.140
;νόσους γῆράς τε ἐ. Pl. Ti. 33a
;πάθος ἐ. Hp.Morb.Sacr.3
.2 set on, urge on, as hunters do dogs, ἐπάγοντες ἐπῇσαν (sc. κύνας) Od.19.445, cf. X.Cyn.10.19:— in [voice] Med., ib.6.25.b lead on an army against the enemy,Ἄρη τινί A.Pers.85
(lyr.);τὴν στρατιήν Hdt.1.63
, cf.7.165;τὸ δεξιὸν κέρας Ar. Av. 353
;στρατόπεδον Th.6.69
;τινὰ ἐπί τινα Id.8.46
: intr., march against,τισί Plb.2.29.2
: abs., dub. in Luc.Hist.Conscr.21: metaph., Diph.44 (nisi leg. ἐπῇττε).3 lead on by persuasion, influence, Od.14.392, Th.1.107;ἐλπὶς ἥ σ' ἐπήγαγεν E.Hec. 1032
: c. inf., induce one to do, ib. 260, Isoc.14.63:—[voice] Pass.,οἷς ἐπαχθέντες ὑμεῖς D.5.10
(cod. S).4 bring in, invite as aiders or allies,τὸν Πέρσην Hdt.9.1
, cf. 8.112; τὸν Π. ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας Epist. Phil. ap. D.12.7; (v. infr.11.2.5 bring to a place, bring in, S.Tr. 378, E.Ph. 905;ἅμαξαι.. τοὺς λίθους ἐπῆγον Th. 1.93
:—[voice] Med., draw in nourishment, of roots, Thphr.HP1.1.9:— [voice] Pass.,τροφὰ ἐπάγεται τῷ σώματι Ti.Locr.102b
.6 bring in, supply,ἐπιτήδεια Th.7.60
;τὰ ἐκ τῶν διωρύχων ἐ. νάματα Pl.Criti. 118e
;λίμνην.. εἰς τὴν ἅλμην Ephipp.5.12
: metaph.,ἐπάγει ἡ ψυχὴ τὸ ἓν ἄλλῳ Plot.6.9.1
.7 lay on or apply to one, ἐ. κέντρον πώλοις, of a charioteer, E.Hipp. 1194;ἐ. πληγὴν ἐπί τινα LXX Is.10.24
; ἐ. ζημίαν, = ἐπιτιθέναι, Luc.Anach.11; ἔπαγε τὴν γνάθον lay your jaws to it, Ar. V. 370; ἐ. τὴν διάνοιάν τινι apply it, Plu.Per.1.8 bring forward, ἐ. ψῆφον τοῖς ξυμμάχοις propose a vote to them, like ἐπιψηφίζειν ἐς.. Th.1.125, cf. 87; ψῆφος ἐπῆκτό τινι περὶ φυγῆς against him, X.An.7.7.57, cf. D.47.28;ἐ. ὅρκον τισί Paus.4.14.4
, cf.IG9(1).334.13 ([dialect] Locr.); also ἐ. δίκην, γραφήν τινι, bring a suit against one, Pl.Lg. 881e, D.18.150; γραφάς, εὐθύνας, εἰσαγγελίας ib.249;λεγέτω πρότερος ὁ ἐπάγων τὰν δίκαν Foed.Delph.Pell.1
A10;ἐ. αἰτίαν τινί D.18.141
;αἰτίαν ἐπήγαγέ μοι φόνου ψευδῆ Id.21.110
, cf.114.9 bring in over and above,παροψώνημα A.Ag. 1446
;τῷ λόγῳ τὸ ἔργον Plu.Lyc.8
:—[voice] Pass., τὸ ἐπαγόμενον φωνῆεν the vowel which follows, EM176.55; ὁ ἐ. ἀγών extraordinary, CIG 3491 ([place name] Thyatira).b intercalate days in the year, Hdt.2.4, D.S.1.50; αἱ ἐπαγόμεναι, with or without ἡμέραι, intercalated days, ib.13, Plu.2.355e, Inscr.Cypr.134 H., PStrassb.91.6, Vett.Val.20.26, 36.9, etc.10 in instruction or argument, lead on,τινὰς ἐπὶ τὰ μήπω γιγνωσκόμενα Pl.Plt. 278a
:—[voice] Pass.,ἐπαχθέντων αὐτῶν Aristox.Harm.p.23
M.b esp. in the Logic of Aristotle, teach or convince by induction,ἐπάγοντα ἀπὸ τῶν καθ' ἕκαστον ἐπὶ τὸ καθόλου καὶ τῶν γνωρίμων ἐπὶ τὰ ἄγνωστα Top.156a4
:—[voice] Pass., , cf.71a21,24: abs., συλλογιζόμενον ἢ ἐπάγοντα by syllogism or by induction, Rh.1356b8, cf. Top.157a21,al.;οὐδ' ὁ ἐπάγων ἀποδείκνυσιν APo.91b15
.c also ἐ. τὸ καθόλου bring forward, advance: hence, infer the general principle,τῇ καθ' ἕκαστα ἐπὶ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐπαγωγῇ ἐ. τὸ καθόλου Top.108b11
, cf. SE 174a34; so later, adduce the argument,ὅτι.. Alex.Aphr.
inSE6.2; conclude, infer, Arr.Epict.4.8.9.11 ἐ. τὴν κοιλίαν move the bowels, v.l. for ὑπ-, Dsc.4.157.II [voice] Med., bring to oneself, procure or provide for oneself,ἐκ θαλάσσης ὧν δέονται ἐπάξονται Th.1.81
, cf. 6.99: metaph., Ἅιδα φεῦξιν ἐ. devise, invent a means of shunning death, S. Ant. 362 (lyr.);τὴν τῶν ξυμμάχων δούλωσιν Th.3.10
;τῶν.. κακῶν ἐ. λήθην Men.467
.2 of persons, bring into one's country, bring in or introduce as allies (v. supr. 1.4), Hdt.2.108, Th.1.3, 2.68, 4.64,al.;οἰκιστὴν ἐ. Hdt.6.34
, cf. 5.67;ἐπιϝοίκους ἐ. Berl.Sitsb.1927.8
([dialect] Locr., v B. C.).3 μάρτυρας ποιητὰς ἐ. call them in as witnesses, Pl.R. 364c, cf. Lg. 823a, Arist.Metaph. 995a8; ἐ. ποιητὰς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις introduce by way of quotation, Pl.Prt. 347e;τὸν Ἡσίοδον μάρτυρα Id.Ly. 215c
; ἐ. μαρτύρια adduce testimonies, X.Smp.8.34;εἰκόνας ἐ. Id.Oec.17.15
;ὅρκον ἐ. πάντα τὰ ζῷα Porph.Abst.3.16
.4 bring upon oneself,νύκτα ἐν μεσημβρίᾳ Pl.Lg. 897d
;φθόνον X.Ap.32
;συμφορὰν ἐμαυτῷ Lys.4.19
;αὐθαίρετον αὑτοῖς δουλείαν D.19.259
;πράγματα Id.54.1
;ἑαυτοῖς δεστότην ἐ. τὸν νόμον Pl.Grg. 492b
;μητρυιὰν ἐ. κατὰ τῶν ἰδίων τέκνων D.S.12.12
.6 bring over to oneself, win over,τὸ πλῆθος Th.5.45
;τινὰ εἰς εὔνοιαν Plb.7.14.4
: c. acc. et inf., ἐ. τινὰς ξυγχωρῆσαι induce them to concede, Th.5.41. -
16 δίδωμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `give' (Il.).Other forms: Fut. δώσω ( διδώσω ν 358, ω 314), aor. ἔδωκα, δοῦναι (s. below), pass. δοθῆναι, perf. δέδωκα, δέδομαι. Cypr. opt. δώκοι from δώκω (from the aor.).Dialectal forms: Myc. didosi \/ didonsi\/ `they give', didoto \/ didontoi\/ 3. pl. ind. pass., dose \/dōsei\/ `he will give', jodososi \/jō-dosonsi\/, odoke \/hō-dōke\/, apu-doke \/apu-dōke\/, apedoke \/ap-edōke\/, dedomena \/ dedomena\/ perf. ptc. pass.; apudosi \/ apu-dosis\/, dosomo \/ dosmos\/, dosomijo \/ dosmios\/ `consisting of contributions', dora \/dōra\/ `gifts'; PN teodora \/theodōra\/.Compounds: Often with prefix: ἀνα-, ἀντι-, ἀπο-, δια- etc. As first member δωσι- in Δωσί-θεος etc.; cf. Knecht Τερψίμβροτος 11; s. also below.Derivatives: δώς f. `gift' (Hes. Op. 356 \< δώ-ς or *δώτ-ς, s. below); ( ἀνά-, ἀντί-, ἀπό- etc.) δόσις `gift' (Il.; on the meaning Schwyzer 504 n. 2, Benveniste Noms d'agent 76, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 75, Rauillard Mélanges Boisacq 2, 219ff.) with δοσίδιον (inscr.) and δόσιμος, often from comp. ἐπι-, ἐν-, παρα-; δῶτις, uncertain; acc. to Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 105 twice (!) in the Amphiktyon-law of 380a for λωτις; also δῶττις δώς, φερνή H., prob. wrong; s. Latte; δωτίνη, -ᾱ, `gift, present, rent' (Hom., also Argolis; but cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 279f.), with δωτινάζω `collect gifts' Hdt. 2, 180); ἀπυ-δοσμός `selling' with ἀπυδόσμιος (Arc.); - δομα in ἀπό-, διά-, πρό-δομα etc.; cf. Wilhelm Glotta 14, 70f.; δῶρον s. v. - ( ἐκ-, ἐπι- etc.) δοτήρ `giver' (Il.), f. δότειρα (Hes.); δώτωρ `id.' (Od.); to δοτήρ: δώτωρ Schwyzer 381 and 530; Benveniste Noms d'agent 46 and 49; δωτήρ `id.' ( θεοὶ δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325 etc.; s. below); δότης = δοτήρ (LXX); init. only in comp., e.g. προδότης, f. - τις `traitor' (Ion., Att.) with προδοσία `treason' (Ion.-Att.); δώτης (Hes. Op. 355, beside ἀ-δώτης; cf. δώς above and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 118, Frisk Subst. priv. 20), ἐπιδώτης surname of Zeus in Mantinea and other gods (Paus.) with Έπιδώτειον name of a tempel (Epidauros); Δωτώ name of a Nereide (Il., Hes.; s. below). - δοτικός, often with prefix ἐπι-, μετα- etc. (Arist.). - Desiderative deverbat. παρα-, ἐν- etc. δωσείω (Th.), iterative preterite δόσκον (ep.).Etymology: IE root * deh₃-\/ dh₃-. But for the vowel of the reduplicative syllable δί-δω-μι, δί-δω-σι agrees with Skt. dá-dā-ti, Av. da-dāi-ti; i-reduplication in Italic, e. g. Osc. didest `he will give', Vest. di-de-t `dat', perhaps also in Lat. reddō, if \< * re-di-dō. Also the medial aorists ἔ-δο-το, Skt. á-di-ta, Venet. zo-to and the participles (-) δοτός, Lat. dătus agree against Skt. - dāta-, Av. dāta- (but zero grade in Skt. - tta- \< *- dh₃-to-; as simplex Sanskrit has new dattá-). The active aorist ἔ-δω-κ-α (with - κ- after ἔθηκα, ἧκα, s. Schwyzer 741 w. n. 8) from root aorist *ἔ-δω-ν (cf. ἔ-στη-ν), seen in Skt. á-dā-t, Arm. et `he gave' (\< *é-dō-t). - On Cypr. δοϜεναι beside Skt. dāváne `to give' see Benveniste Origines 129 but also Specht Gnomon 14, 34); an element u̯ also in Cypr. opt. δυϜάνοι, Lat. duim `dem', Lith. dovanà `gift' and other forms; (hom. Att. δοῦναι from *δο-έναι). - Of the nouns compare δώτωρ = Skt. dā́tar-, with zero grade Lat. dător; δοτήρ: Skt. dātár- ; δόσις = Lat. dăti-ō; δώς, if \< *δώτ-ς = Lat. dōs, - tis (if IE * dō-t-, not * dō-ti-). First member Δωσι- = Skt. dāti-vāra- `who loves giving, liberal'. - Hitt. dā- `take', cf. Skt. ā-dā- `receive'.Page in Frisk: 1,388-389Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δίδωμι
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17 δρῦς
δρῦς, δρυόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `tree', esp. `oak' (Il.).Dialectal forms: (dial. sometimes also m., s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 37 n. 2). Myc. durutomo \/ dru-tomoi\/.Compounds: See s.v. ἄδρυα, ἁμάδρυα, γεράνδρυον, ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου, καὶτὸ μέσαβον H; μελάνδρυα also `slices of tunny'Derivatives: δρύϊνος `oaken' (Od.), δρυΐνᾱς name of a snake, living in oaks (Nic.); δρυΐτης kind of cypress (Thphr.), name of a precious stone (Plin.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71 and 54); Δρυάς `Dryade, tree-nymphe' (Plu.), also name of a snake (Androm. ap. Gal.; cf. δρυΐνας); thematic lengthening in δρύου gen. `bush' ( POxy. 7, 1044, [7]; 8; 12, II-IIIp); but the thematic finals in μελάν-δρυ-ον `heart-wood', ἔν-δρυ-ον `oaken peg' (Hes. Op. 469) belong to δόρυ. - Idem for, e. g. δρύ-οχοι m. pl. `ribs of a ship' (Od.; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 186, Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1943, 6f.), δρῠ(ο)-κολάπτης `woodpecker' (Ar.); parallel meanings in Schwentner KZ 73, 112f.; short form (after animal names in - οψ) δρύοψ (Ar. Av. 304); also as PN (Υ 455) and as peoples name, s. v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 52 n. 1. - On δρύφακτοι s. v.Etymology: Apart from the vowel length, which follows from the feminine gender (Wackernagel l. c.), δρῦς is identical with Skt. dru- `wood' e. g. in dru-ṣád- `sitting on wood (on a tree)', su-drú- `of good wood'. Other cognates are: OCS drъva n. pl. `wood', Alb. dru f. (\< *druu̯ā) `wood, tree', Germ., e. g. Goth. triu \< PGm. *treu̯a-, IE *dreu̯-o-. - The feminine δρῦς (after other tree names, cf. Wackernagel Syntax 2, 17) from the oblique case-forms of the word for `wood', Gr. δόρυ, Skt. dā́ru (gen. drú-ṇ-aḥ and dró-h). (Janda Stock und Stein assumes a collective * druh₂- (with -s in the nom.). The meaning `fest, strong', in Greek seen in δροόν ἰσχυρόν (s. v.), is frequent in Germ., e. g. OE trum `fest, strong, healthy' (formally = δρῠμά `wood', Skt. druma- `tree'), Goth. triggws (\< *treu̯u̯a-, IE *dreu(u̯)-o-) `true'. The meaning `wood' is the most frquent, and will be original, s. esp. Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 169f. Specht KZ.66, 58f., Benveniste Word 10, 257ff. start from an adj. `hard, fest'. - See Lat. dūrus.Page in Frisk: 1,421-422Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δρῦς
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18 δρυός
δρῦς, δρυόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `tree', esp. `oak' (Il.).Dialectal forms: (dial. sometimes also m., s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 37 n. 2). Myc. durutomo \/ dru-tomoi\/.Compounds: See s.v. ἄδρυα, ἁμάδρυα, γεράνδρυον, ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου, καὶτὸ μέσαβον H; μελάνδρυα also `slices of tunny'Derivatives: δρύϊνος `oaken' (Od.), δρυΐνᾱς name of a snake, living in oaks (Nic.); δρυΐτης kind of cypress (Thphr.), name of a precious stone (Plin.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71 and 54); Δρυάς `Dryade, tree-nymphe' (Plu.), also name of a snake (Androm. ap. Gal.; cf. δρυΐνας); thematic lengthening in δρύου gen. `bush' ( POxy. 7, 1044, [7]; 8; 12, II-IIIp); but the thematic finals in μελάν-δρυ-ον `heart-wood', ἔν-δρυ-ον `oaken peg' (Hes. Op. 469) belong to δόρυ. - Idem for, e. g. δρύ-οχοι m. pl. `ribs of a ship' (Od.; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 186, Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1943, 6f.), δρῠ(ο)-κολάπτης `woodpecker' (Ar.); parallel meanings in Schwentner KZ 73, 112f.; short form (after animal names in - οψ) δρύοψ (Ar. Av. 304); also as PN (Υ 455) and as peoples name, s. v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 52 n. 1. - On δρύφακτοι s. v.Etymology: Apart from the vowel length, which follows from the feminine gender (Wackernagel l. c.), δρῦς is identical with Skt. dru- `wood' e. g. in dru-ṣád- `sitting on wood (on a tree)', su-drú- `of good wood'. Other cognates are: OCS drъva n. pl. `wood', Alb. dru f. (\< *druu̯ā) `wood, tree', Germ., e. g. Goth. triu \< PGm. *treu̯a-, IE *dreu̯-o-. - The feminine δρῦς (after other tree names, cf. Wackernagel Syntax 2, 17) from the oblique case-forms of the word for `wood', Gr. δόρυ, Skt. dā́ru (gen. drú-ṇ-aḥ and dró-h). (Janda Stock und Stein assumes a collective * druh₂- (with -s in the nom.). The meaning `fest, strong', in Greek seen in δροόν ἰσχυρόν (s. v.), is frequent in Germ., e. g. OE trum `fest, strong, healthy' (formally = δρῠμά `wood', Skt. druma- `tree'), Goth. triggws (\< *treu̯u̯a-, IE *dreu(u̯)-o-) `true'. The meaning `wood' is the most frquent, and will be original, s. esp. Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 169f. Specht KZ.66, 58f., Benveniste Word 10, 257ff. start from an adj. `hard, fest'. - See Lat. dūrus.Page in Frisk: 1,421-422Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δρυός
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19 ἡγέομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `lead, go ahead', posthom. also `think, believe';Other forms: Dor. ἁγ-, aor. ἡγήσασθαι, fut. ἡγήσομαι (Il.), perf. ἥγημαι, ἅγ- (Hdt., Pi.), aor. pass. ἡγήθην (Pl. Lg. 770b)Compounds: very often with prefix in different meanings, δι-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, καθ-, περι-, ὑφ- etc. As 1. member in governing compp., e. g. `Ηγησί-λεως, Άγησί-λαος (Hdt.; also as appellative) - Also ἡγέ-ομαι as 2. member in formations in - της, e. g. κυν-ηγέτης "leader of dogs", `hunter' (Od.), ἀρχ-ηγέτης, f. - τις `who has the power, originator' (Hdt.), partly beside - ηγός and connected with ἄγω, s. Chantraine Et. sur le vocab. gr. 88ff., Sommer 12 w. n. 1. Another compound with σ-stem is περι-ηγής `forming a circle' (Emp., A. R.).Derivatives: Many derivv., also from the compp. (Dor. forms not sep. noted). Nomina actionis: 1. ἥγησις `leading' (LXX), older and more usual εἰσ-, ἐξ-, δι-, περι-, ὑφ-ήγησις etc. (cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις, s. index);. 2. ἥγημα `leading, opinion' (LXX, Pergamon), older and more usual ἀφ-, εἰσ-ήγημα etc. with - ηγημάτιον, - ηγηματικός. Nomina agentis: 3. ἡγεμών, - όνος m. `leader' (Il.; on the formation Schwyzer 522, Fraenkel Glotta 32, 25f,; also from the compp., e. g. καθηγεμών) with ἡγεμονεύω `lead, rule' (Il.; like βασιλεύω), rarely - έω (Pl.; cf. Fraenkel Denom. 184f., Schwyzer 732), ἡγεμον-ία, ἡγεμόνευ-μα, ἡγεμον-ικός a. o.; fem. ἡγεμόνη surname of Artemis a. o. (Call.; Schwyzer 490 n. 4, Sommer Nominalkomp. 145). 4. ` Ηγήμων Att. PN (cf. ἥγημα). 5. ἡγήτωρ, - ορος m. `id.' (Il.), Άγήτωρ surname of Zeus in Sparta (X.), also name of the Aphrodite-priests in Cyprus (E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 87). 6. ἡγητήρ, - ῆρος m. `id.' (Pi., S.; also ὑφ-, προ-, καθ-ηγητήρ [trag.]) with ( προ-)ἡγήτειρα (A. R.), - τήριος (Ath.). 7. ἡγητής `id.' (A. Supp. 239), usually εἰσ-, ἐξ-, δι-, καθ-, προ-ηγητής (IA); on semantic differentiation of ἡγήτωρ, - ητήρ Benveniste Noms d'agent 46; on ἡγητής Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 13. Adj. 8. ( ἐξ-, δι- etc.) ἡγητικός (hell.). - On ἡγηλάζω s. v.Etymology: Iterative present ἡγέομαι, ἁ̄γέομαι, from which all other forms were derived, has a close correspondence in the yot-presents Lat. sāgio `trace, track down' = Germ., e. g. Goth. sokjan `search, attack' (the latter could also be from * sāgeio\/e-). From WestIE. one adduces OIr. saigim, -id `trace something, search', prob a yot-present (from * sh₂g-), s. Thurneysen Grammar 354; for the vowel cf. Lat. săgāx. Uncertain is Hitt. šak-ḫi, -i `know'. - The word may come from the language of hunters, prop. `search'; further Schwyzer 29 and Chantraine l. c.Page in Frisk: 1,621-622Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἡγέομαι
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20 κημός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `muzzle, wicker top of the voting urn, vessel for fishing, cover for nose and mouth etc.' (A., S., Ar., X.; on the meaning Schenkl WuS 5, 172ff.).Dialectal forms: Dor. κᾱμόςDerivatives: κημόω `put on a muzzle, tie up a mouth' (X., 1 Ep. Kor. 9, 9, sch.) with κήμωσις φίμωσις H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. The formally possible connection with Arm. k` amem `press (out)' (Petersson KZ 47, 284) is hard to combine with the further prob. basic meaning `wicker'. The same holds for wods from a Balto-Slavic and Germanic group with the meaning `press (together) etc.', which also differs in the vowel, e. g. Lith. kãmanos pl. `harness with bit', Russ. kom `clump', MHG hemmen, hamen `hold up, bind, hemmen' etc. etc. (Pok. 555, Fraenkel s. kãmanos, Vasmer s. kom). Lat. quālum `wicker basket' (Prellwitz1) has a diff. initial, s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Specht Ursprung 263 n. 4 to χάβος `muzzle' (sch.Ar.Eq. 1147). Diff. Wood ClassPhil. 21, 341 (to OHG hamo `cover' etc.). - From Dor. καμός came Lat. cāmus `muzzle', from κημός Osman. Arab. ǵem `bit, mouth-piece of the harness, bridle', from where NGr. τὸ γέμι `bridle' (Maidhof Glotta 10, 9). - The connection with χάβος is of course blameless; it points to μ \/ β in Pre-Greek (Fur. 203-227); Fur. 220 who cites χαβός - χαμός (s.v.) both adjectives; Furnée seems to suggest that these words are the same as our word (where he is clearly following Frisk's presentation), which is clearly wrong; also he is incomplete as he does not cite κημός.Page in Frisk: 1,841Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κημός
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